Agricultural Crops That Have a Risk of Being GMO

转基因生物是通过基因拼接法人工创造的生物。这种实验技术拼接来自不同物种的基因片段，创造出不稳定的动物、植物、细菌和病毒的基因组合，这些组合原本不能自然产生，也不能通过杂交产生。GMOs, or “genetically modified organisms,” are plants or animals created through the gene splicing techniques of biotechnology (also called genetic engineering, or GE). This experimental technology merges DNA from different species, creating unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding.

消费者难以实时了解最新被转基因的食品成份，因为农业转基因的目录频繁更新。非转基因项目组的一个目标是提供消费者知情的选择，我们努力维护一个准确的有风险的成分目录。For consumers, it can be difficult to stay up-to-date on food ingredients that are at-risk of being genetically modified, as the list of at-risk agricultural ingredients is frequently changing. As part of the Non-GMO Project’s commitment to informed consumer choice, we work diligently to maintain an accurate list of risk ingredients.

农产品被分为两组：一是已经商业生产的有高可能成为转基因的产品，二是处于风险监控中的产品，即已知或怀疑被转基因污染，或者已经有该物种的近亲投入商业生产，从而使交叉传粉成为可能进而产生污染。Agricultural products are segmented into two groups: (1) those that are high-risk of being GMO because they are currently in commercial production, and (2) those that have a monitored risk because suspected or known incidents of contamination have occurred and/or the crops have genetically modified relatives in commercial production with which cross-pollination (and consequently contamination) is possible. For more information on the Non-GMO Project’s testing and verification of risk ingredients and processed foods, please see the Non-GMO Project Standard.

高风险，进入商业生产的转基因农作物 High-Risk Crops (in commercial production; ingredients derived from these must be tested every time prior to use in Non-GMO Project Verified products (as of December 2011):

• 苜蓿（于2011开始种植）Alfalfa (first planting 2011)
• 芥花籽（即油菜籽，90%的美国产品为转基因）Canola (approx. 90% of U.S. crop)
• 玉米（在2011， 美国种植占88%）Corn (approx. 88% of U.S. crop in 2011)
• 棉花（在2011，占美国90%的产量）Cotton (approx. 90% of U.S. crop in 2011)
• 木瓜（夏威夷，约988英亩）Papaya (most of Hawaiian crop; approximately 988 acres)
• 大豆（在2011，占美国94%）Soy (approx. 94% of U.S. crop in 2011)
• 甜菜（在2010， 占美国95%）Sugar Beets (approx. 95% of U.S. crop in 2010)
• 西葫芦和黄色西葫芦（约25,000英亩）Zucchini and Yellow Summer Squash (approx. 25,000 acres)

Listed in Appendix B of the Non-GMO Project Standard are a number of high-risk inputs, including those derived from GMO microorganisms, the above crops or animals fed these crops or their derivatives.

有可能被转基因植物通过传粉污染的农作物 （在国内的朋友可以忽视，美国可以关注，目前问题不大，如果确定污染，将挪到高风险类别））Monitored Crops (those for which suspected or known incidents of contamination have occurred, and those crops which have genetically modified relatives in commercial production with which cross-pollination is possible; we test regularly to assess risk, and move to “High-Risk” category for ongoing testing if we see contamination):

• 甜萝卜如莙荙菜，甜菜头 Beta vulgaris (e.g., chard, table beets)
• 芜菁甘蓝，西伯利亚绿叶甘蓝 Brassica napa (e.g., rutabaga, Siberian kale)
• 小白菜Brassica rapa (e.g., bok choy, mizuna, Chinese cabbage, turnip, rapini, tatsoi)
• 南瓜Cucurbita (acorn squash, delicata squash, patty pan)
• 亚麻籽Flax
• 大米Rice
• 小麦Wheat

常见被转基因高风险农作物生产的食品以及食品添加成份：

氨基酸， 阿斯巴甜，抗坏血酸（维生素C ）， 柠檬酸， 柠檬酸钠，乙醇（酒精），调味料，高果糖玉米糖浆， 水解植物蛋白， 乳酸， 麦芽糊精， 糖蜜， 味精（谷氨酸钠），白糖， 植物组织蛋白，黄原胶（黄胶、汉生胶），维生素，酵母产品等。   

Common Ingredients Derived from GMO Risk Crops

Amino Acids, Aspartame, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Ethanol, Flavorings (“natural” and “artificial”), High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Lactic Acid, Maltodextrins, Molasses, Monosodium Glutamate, Sucrose, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Xanthan Gum, Vitamins, Yeast Products.

你可能想知道的You may also be wondering about…

• 西红柿，目前没有转基因产品商业生产Tomatoes: In 1994, genetically modified Flavr Savr tomatoes became the first commercially produced GMOs. They were brought out of production just a few years later, in 1997, due to problems with flavor and ability to hold up in shipping. There are no genetically engineered tomatoes in commercial production, and tomatoes are considered “low-risk” by the Non-GMO Project Standard.
• 土豆，目前没有转基因产品商业生产Potatoes: Genetically modified NewLeaf potatoes were introduced by Monsanto in 1996. Due to consumer rejection by several fast-food chains and chip makers, the product was never successful and was discontinued in the spring of 2001. There are no genetically engineered potatoes in commercial production, and potatoes are considered “low-risk” by the Non-GMO Project Standard.
• 三文鱼，AquaBounty公司正在申请投产 （此文写于2012，而现在在美国已经批准转基因三文鱼进行商业生产）Salmon: A company called AquaBounty is currently petitioning the FDA to approve its genetically engineered variety of salmon, which has met with fierce consumer resistance. Find out more here.
  
• 猪， 没有转基因猪， 研究停止，所有实验的转基因猪于2012 被杀死。Pigs: A genetically engineered variety of pig, called Enviropig was developed by scientists at the University of Guelph, with research starting in 1995 and government approval sought beginning in 2009. In 2012 the University announced an end to the Enviropig program, and the pigs themselves were euthanized in June 2012.